How to Pick Food for Your Puppy
I remember my parents bringing home their first puppy and standing overwhelmed in the pet food aisle, staring at dozens of colorful bags making bold promises. The truth is, selecting puppy food doesn’t have to be complicated when you understand the fundamentals. Your puppy’s nutritional needs are vastly different from adult dogs, requiring specific nutrients to support their rapid growth, brain development, and immune system formation. In this comprehensive guide, we will walk through everything you need to know to make the best food choice for your kiddo.
Before doing a deep dive into this article, ask yourself these questions:
If money and time was not an issue, what food would I most prefer to feed my puppy? Dry, canned wet food, freeze dried or raw.
I was talking to my boyfriend when he asked me this question.
Why would I prefer this option?
I initially chose fully wet canned food diet for my cats. I chose this option because cats are carnivores and have a mostly or all meat diet is very healthy for them. The moisture content for wet canned food is very good for cats, and my cats do love their wet food.
Can we afford this option, right now?
At the time, the answer was no. But this did not stop me from spoiling my cats with wet food. We decided to do two small dry meals (one in the morning and one in the evening) then one wet food meal in the afternoon. Our schedule at the time did allow us to feed them 3 times a day and they were excited for each meal. We also made it a goal to afford to feed them all wet food one day and we have now succeeded. Although we decided to go with branded raw food instead.
How long do I plan to keep my puppy on their current food?
(This is advice if you just adopted your puppy or plan on adopting) When we got Jace, when he was a kitten, he was on Hills Science Diet Kitten dry kibble. I bought a bag big enough to last him 1.5-2 months that way his body has time to adjust to any stresses to change. Some kitties get so stressed they have diarrhea and/or vomit. Jace did end up having diarrhea for about 2-2.5 weeks after we brought him home. I started weening Jace off his Hills dry kibble one month in.
Go over these questions by yourself or with your partner. You can write them down or make a mental note.
Understanding a Puppy’s Nutritional Needs
Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients
Macronutrients are nutrients the body needs in large quantities while micronutrients are nutrients that the body needs in smaller quantities.
Essential Macronutrients Puppies Require
Protein: This includes chicken, turkey, salmon, tuna, mackerel, beef, lamb, eggs, rabbit, duck and venison (amino acids from animal meat and tissue- Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine). Protein is essential for protein synthesis in the muscle and organs, hormone production, enzyme creation and energy.
Fats: This is a very energy rich nutrient for puppies. It is a primary energy source for our young furry kiddos. It serves as a transport molecule and conducts nerve impulses, helps skin and coat health, helps wound healing, helps with decreasing inflammation and brain function (Fatty acids- omega-3 and omega-6; healthy fatty food- salmon, chicken, liver and beef)
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are a quick energy source for dogs and puppies. Adult dogs do need it more than cats as it helps with a dog’s fiber intake and digestive health. Carbohydrates that are dog safe are rice, oats, sweet potatoes, peas and specific legumes. Puppies need fat and protein more for energy as their bodies develop.
Essential Micronutrients Puppies Require
Amino acids are provided by animal meat and tissue. The list of amino acids cats need are as follows:
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Fatty acids are provided through fish, chicken fat and dog-safe fish oil supplements. They include omega-3 and omega-6.
Important Vitamins and Minerals:
Calcium
Phosphorus
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K (fat- soluble and water-soluble)
Calorie Adjustments Needed for Small and Large Dogs
For dogs, calorie intake is based individually on activity level, but also significantly by size. Smaller dogs usually have a higher metabolism due to their smaller body sizes (like cats), whereas larger dogs may have a slower metabolism than smaller dogs. Metabolism can vary based on age, activity level, spay/ neuter status, genetics and predispositions.
Understanding AAFCO Nutritional Adequacy Statements
For these specifics, I will provide websites below to provide most accurate information:
Decoding Food Labels
What “Complete and Balanced” Really Means
Complete and balanced means the product contains all necessary nutrients for a dog’s health and in correct proportions for specific life stages stated on the product’s label.
*Look for AAFCO for “puppy”*
How to Read Ingredient Lists Effectively
Ingredients are listed in order by weight, therefore, the first 3-5 ingredients are most important.
For puppy food, look for named animal proteins (chicken, salmon, beef, rabbit, turkey). If you are looking for more quality food it is best to avoid “protein flavor” (ex: chicken flavor) or “with protein” (ex: with chicken).
It is best to try to avoid food with lots of fillers that are labeled early in the list. This includes corn, wheat gluten, soy, rice, beet pulp, and animal-by products.
Whole food ingredients are better than heavily processed ingredients if you are looking for quality food. A good rule of thumb is, it is good if you can read and understand the words you are reading (unless you are highly knowledgeable in food chemicals or chemistry).
Understanding Guaranteed Analysis Panels
Guaranteed Analysis panels is used mostly for pet food. It tells you the minimum protein, minimum fat, maximum fiber and maximum moisture their product contains. I have attached the link for AAFCO Guaranteed Analysis minimum and maximum requirements for dry and wet dog food.
Recognizing Marketing Tricks
“High protein”, “premium”, “gourmet” are commonly labeled on the front of the food label and are all not indicative of better food quality or health benefits. Look at the ingredients and food label and follow previous guidelines stated above of what to look for.
“Grain-Free” is technically true but hides the use of other processed carbohydrates.
“Human-Grade” has no significant meaning in pet food.
“Natural” means no artificial or manufactured ingredients; says nothing about overall healthiness of product or ingredients’ origins.
Keep in mind the meat content on the front of the label and in the ingredient list on the label. “Chicken Flavor” means about 0-3% chicken; “with chicken” means about 4% chicken; “Chicken” (as the first ingredient) means at least 26% chicken.
Quality Protein Sources vs. Fillers
"Meat-by-products” or “meat digest” means the product includes non-edible parts of animals that are left over after the meat was processed. This includes:
Bones
Skin
Feathers
Hooves
Organs (such as liver, kidneys, spleen, etc)
Blood
By-products are generally safe for puppies to consume in moderation. They can be a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals. They mimic a dog’s diet if they lived in the wild. It is also a cost-effective way to provide your kitty nutrition. I would keep in mind that meat-by-products can vary widely in quality as certain by-products can be low in nutrients and contain toxins and contaminates. There is also potential risk for dogs to be allergic to a specific animal(s) by-product due to your kiddo’s genetics or the amount of toxin or contaminates in the by-product. With that, look for AFFCO logo on the label or brand’s website.
Main Ingredients to Look for
Quality Animal Protein Sources
Chicken and turkey are the most popular, affordable and most digestible sources of protein for puppies.
Tuna, salmon, mackerel are wonderful sources of protein and omega-3 fatty acids for healthy coat and brain function. You can also supplement other sources of protein with dog safe fish oil supplements.
Beef and lamb are reliable for iron especially lean cuts.
Eggs and egg whites are a good source of protein add on to other sources of protein.
Organ meats (certain by-products) highly digestible and contain certain sources of protein, vitamins and minerals.
Rabbit, Duck, Lamb and Venison are the best sources of protein forkiddos with sensitivities and food (protein) allergies. These are called “novel protein” sources. They are not an owner’s typical first go-to due to these sources of protein being more expensive.
Prebiotics and Probiotics for Digestive Health
Typically sourced from legumes, chicory root, bananas, pumpkin, sweet potatoes and oats that support their digestive tract. Owners like to add small amounts of plain yogurt or kefir to their daily diet as a treat or snack (wait until your puppy is at least 6 months to a year). You can use a dog safe supplement especially if your dog has a sensitive stomach or IBS. Pre and probiotic foods are usually already added to most dog foods, but sometimes not all so it is good to have a pre and probiotic.
Quality Carbohydrate Sources
Carbohydrates that are dog safe are:
Rice
Oats
Sweet potatoes
Peas
Carrots
Green Beans
Specific legumes
Quality Fat Sources
Dog safe fish oil supplement
Fish (Tuna, Salmon, Mackerel- make sure fish does not contain mercury)
Antioxidant-Rich Fruits and Vegetables That Boost Immunity and Fiber
Broccoli
Spinach
Cabbage
Cucumber
Green beans
Brussel sprouts
Pumpkin (If you choose canned, needs to be 100% puree with no addatives)
Carrots
Beetroot
Zucchini
Celery
Sweet potatoes
Potato
These are also great snacks, treats, and additives to their meals.
Red Flag Ingredients to Avoid
Toxic Substances for Dogs (usually certain human food)
Xylitol: A common artificial sweetener in sugar-free products that is harmful to dogs.
Alcohol: Can cause vomiting, diarrhea, impaired coordination, and central nervous system depression.
Chocolate, coffee, and caffeine: Contain methylxanthines, which are toxic to dogs.
Grapes and raisins: Can cause kidney failure.
Onions, garlic, and chives: Can damage a dog's red blood cells.
Macadamia nuts: Can cause weakness, vomiting, tremors, and hyperthermia.
Yeast dough: Can cause the stomach to bloat and potentially twist, and the yeast can produce alcohol.
Wild mushrooms, avocado, and unripe tomatoes/potatoes: Can be poisonous and cause digestive issues.
Artificial Colors and Flavors
BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
Ethoxyquin
Artificial colors (Yellow 5, Red 40)
Indigestible Processed Ingredients for Dogs
Grains and Fillers: Corn, wheat, and soy are often difficult for dogs to digest.
Artificial Additives: Artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives can irritate a dog's digestive system and be potential risks for negative reactions to food.
Dairy Products: Many dogs are lactose intolerant, and dairy can cause gastrointestinal issues such as gas and diarrhea. More safe dairy options in small amounts are plain Greek yogurt and kefir.
High-Fat Foods: Fatty foods can be hard to digest and may lead to conditions like pancreatitis.
Spicy Foods: Human foods seasoned with spices can irritate a dog's digestive tract.
Wet Food vs. Dry Food: Making the Right Choice
Pros of Wet Canned Food
High Moisture Content: Wet food helps puppies stay hydrated, which is crucial for urinary tract and kidney health, especially for kiddos who do not drink enough water.
High Protein: As developing kiddos, puppies need higher and rich protein. Wet food often contains more protein and animal-based fats, making it a more natural diet.
Lower Carbohydrates: Many wet foods have fewer carbohydrates and fillers compared to dry kibble, which is beneficial for puppies who are developing.
Palatability: The appealing aroma and taste of wet food can make it a better choice for picky eaters.
Cons of Wet Canned Food
Higher Cost: Wet cat food is generally more expensive than dry kibble, which can be a significant factor for owners with multiple dogs or a tight budget. It will be even more expensive for feeding your kiddo as they will need to be consuming more calories as they grow and to help them grow.
Short Shelf Life After Opening: Wet food spoils quickly once opened and must be refrigerated, becoming unsuitable for prolonged grazing.
Potential for Mess: Wet food can be messier to serve and eat than dry food.
Dental Downsides: As wet food can be good for older dogs or dogs with missing teeth, it can be a downside to younger dogs and puppies. The crunchy texture of kibble helps to reduce plaque and tartar buildup on a dog's teeth through chewing, although it is not a substitute for regular dental care. Sort of brushing their teeth without going through the stress of brushing their teeth. Wet food does not allow that since it is all soft.
Not for Automatic Feeders: Due to its perishable nature and texture, wet food is generally unsuitable for use in automatic feeders.
Pros of Dry Kibble
Convenient: Dry food is easy to store and serve, with a long shelf life, making it ideal for busy owners and automatic feeders.
Cost-Effective: It is generally more affordable than wet food, offering more concentrated nutrients and calories per volume. This can be very beneficial for cost as puppies will, occasionally, start consuming more calories than some adult dogs.
Dental Health Benefits: The crunchy texture of kibble helps to reduce plaque and tartar buildup on a dog's teeth through chewing, although it is not a substitute for regular dental care.
Weight Management for Underweight Kittens: The high-energy-density of dry food can efficiently provide calories to thin puppies.
Cons of Dry Kibble
Low Moisture Content: Dry food contains very little water, forcing you and your puppies to increase their overall water intake to stay hydrated.
Higher Carbohydrate Content: Compared to wet food, dry food tends to have a higher carbohydrate percentage, which can be good for your developing kiddo, but possibly problematic for long term health.
Increased Risk of Urinary When They Are Older: The lack of moisture in dry food can increase the risk of urinary tract and kidney problems in the long run, if your puppy’s water intake is not sufficient enough to be able to flush toxins.
Less Nutritionally Complete: Dry food is less protein-dense and more carb-dense than wet food, which can be a concern for our mini omnivores in the long run.
Combination Feeding
If you are considering combining wet canned and dry food, that is fine after your puppy has had time to adjust to their new home for at least a month. If you do the food transition process I have noted below, it will more likely allow the most comfort for you and your kiddo. You will also be able to notice their eating patterns a bit easier by following that guide.
Combination Feeding Strategies
Rotational Diet: Offer wet food for one meal and dry food for another, providing variety and ensuring a balanced intake of both nutritional types. My cats received dry food in the morning and evening then wet food for lunch. They were excited for each mealtime especially when it was time for wet food.
Blended Feeding: Combine wet and dry food in the same bowl at mealtime. This requires carefully calculating the total portion size of both foods.
Topping Method: Place a small amount of wet food on top of your kiddo's dry food to entice them, especially if they are a picky eater or need extra moisture.
Key Considerations
Portion Control: When mixing wet and dry food, ensure you do not overfeed. A general rule is to use half the recommended amount of each type of food to reach the total daily portion.
Freshness: Wet and raw food should be refrigerated after opening and served within a few hours. Discard any uneaten wet and raw food promptly to prevent spoilage.
Serving Temperature: Many kiddos prefer wet food at room temperature, so let cold food sit out for about 5-10 minutes before serving.
Consult Your Vet: Always consult your veterinarian for personalized advice on portion sizes and the best balance of wet and dry food for your individual pup's age, activity level, and health.
Age-Appropriate Feeding Guidelines
One thing to consider when you are about to adopt a puppy, they do have more frequent feeding schedule depending on their age. They younger they are, the more frequent their mealtimes have to be and of course, in smaller portions.
4 to 6 Weeks Old
You can start slowly adjusting them to puppy specific wet food mixed with their formula in a bowl or plate to make a wet food gruel. You will also start the process to wean them off the formula. They will need 4-6 small meals with this mix per day; every 3-4 hours.
6 to 8 Weeks Old
Continue what you were doing previously (weaning your kiddo off formula, increasing the portion of wet food) 4-6 times daily. You can start introducing dry food at 7-8 weeks.
2 to 6 Months Old
It is recommended to feed your kiddo 3-4 times a day during this stage as they will be rapidly growing. 2 months (8 weeks) is the normal age for puppies to be taken home, so this age and later will relate to more pet owners than the previous ages. With that, if you have a busy schedule, I do recommend you try to at least feed your kiddo 3 times daily to meet their needs. They will be hungry and impatient getting used to the new feeding schedule.
6 to 12 Months Old
You are more than welcome to reduce feeding your kiddo 2-3 times daily. It is recommended to feed a puppy specific diet until 1 year old unless you have a special case like mine. Jace (we have had him since he was 8 weeks old) has enjoyed sprinting to Kani’s bowl for any scraps since day 1 and once he was able to jump on the counter, he started counter surfing. We decided to change his food at 6 months to the same food as Kani to save his stomach since he was having problems with diarrhea off and on.
Popular Puppy Food Brands: What Veterinarians Recommend
Premium brands worth the investment
Dry: Hills Science Diet Puppy, Royal Canin Puppy, Purina Pro Plan Puppy, Iams Healthy Puppy
Wet: Purina Pro Plan Puppy, Royal Canin Puppy and Hills Science Diet Puppy
Budget-Friendly Higher Quality Options
Purina Pro Plan Puppy, Iams Puppy
Transitioning to New Food Safely
This process should take at least a month. Note you should notice any negative symptoms within the first 14 days of transitioning.
Day 1-7: Start with 25% of your kiddo’s new food and 75% of the old food each meal.
Day 8-14: Change to half of the new and half old food each meal.
Day 15-21: Transition to 25% of old food and 75% of new food each meal.
Day 22-30: Your kiddo should be eating a full meal of their new food, each meal.
Signs your puppy is adjusting well to new food is not vomiting, no diarrhea, no allergic reactions and they are interested in the food. Some dogs can be very hesitant or sensitive about the food change (usually not the case for puppies), and some will not. Be prepared for anything because you might be surprised to how your kiddo will react. When I was transitioning my cats to Viva Raw, my younger cat Jace sniffed it and ate it immediately. My older cat, Kani, looked at and walked away even though he was yelling at me he was hungry. It took many methods and many different variations to try to get Kani to eat his new food.
What do you do if your puppy refuses to eat the new food?
It depends on the food. For all food types, you can add broth or their favorite treats. For wet canned, freeze-dried (soaked in broth or water).
How To Manage Digestive Upset During Transitions
Pre and Probiotics: You can order cat specific pre and probiotics online or go through your veterinarian and most will prescribe their own probiotic they have in house.
Keep Them HYDRATED: If they are vomiting and having diarrhea make sure, they are drinking water and add water to their food as puppies can get very dehydrated very easily due to their smaller size and even more so for smaller dog breeds.
Stop Their New Diet and Consult Your Veterinarian: If vomiting and diarrhea happen for more than 48-72 hours or your kiddo is having an obvious allergic reaction (swelling of face or body, hives or rash), stop the food and contact your veterinarian for advice.
Common Mistakes to Be Aware Of
Overfeeding and Portion Control: It is not going to be easy to keep track consistently the exact amount of food you should be feeding your puppy unless you are weighing them consistently because they will be growing and growing fast. You are more than welcome to. It is recommended if you wanted to watch their weight. Puppies do also have a rounder belly until they get to be about four months. I have attached a link about cat body condition score.
Dog Body Condition Scoring | Assess Your Dog’s Weight — Association for Pet Obesity Prevention
Feeding Cat Food or Adult Dog Food to Puppies: This is not recommended as cat food process macro and micronutrients a bit differently, therefore, protein content may not be accurate for dogs. Dog food may also not have enough protein or specific nutrients puppies need for development. This can cause malnutrition and upset stomach.
Ignoring Expiration Dates and Storage: Do not ignore expiration dates and storage requirements. This is important for your kitty’s health.
Choosing Food Based Solely on Price: You are more than welcome to do this because I understand not everyone can afford the more expensive options, just keep in mind the risks. Just like picking your food at the grocery store. Be sure to at least do your research to make sure the food meets the minimum requirements for AFFCO
Not Considering Your Puppy’s Individual Preferences: This is difficult to keep up at times. I say this from personal experience. It is not impossible, though. It would be best to feed either in separate rooms, on different levels, or invest in a collar motion activated feeder. We had to separate Jace and Kani initially when we were feeding them separate foods since Jace was a kitten and Kani was an adult (Jace still managed to steal some of Kani’s food at times).
Remember, quality nutrition during these crucial first months sets the stage for your dog’s entire life! Focus on AAFCO-certified puppy formulas with named protein sources, avoid foods with excessive fillers, and always transition gradually between different brands. Your puppy’s individual needs may vary based on breed, size, and activity level, so don’t hesitate to consult with your veterinarian for personalized recommendations. Start with small bags to test your puppy’s preferences and digestive tolerance before committing to larger quantities. Most importantly, establish consistent feeding routines that will create healthy habits lasting well into adulthood.
Take action today by evaluating your current food choice against these guidelines and remember – investing in quality puppy nutrition now prevents costly health issues down the road! You got this!